{
  "handle": "cholecalciferol",
  "searchTerm": "(cholecalciferol OR \"vitamin D3\") AND (supplementation OR adults)",
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  "licence": "NCBI public domain (USA federal work)",
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  "studies": [
    {
      "pmid": "39421966",
      "title": "Vitamin D supplementation decrease asthma exacerbations in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.",
      "journal": "Annals of medicine",
      "year": "2024",
      "firstAuthor": "Fedora K",
      "authorCount": 6,
      "publicationTypes": "Systematic Review, Journal Article, Meta-Analysis",
      "doi": "10.1080/07853890.2024.2400313",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39421966/",
      "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Observational studies have linked low vitamin D (VD) levels to increased asthma attacks in children. Subsequent meta-analyses of adults and children revealed that VD treatment might benefit asthmatic patients by reducing the incidence of exacerbations. Therefore, this review aims to analyze the effects of VD supplementation in reducing asthma exacerbations in children. METHODS: Published reports from PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were systematically searched until April 2023. The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database CRD42023411796. Randomized controlled trial studies were included in this review. Meta-analysis was performed using Cochrane RevMan 5.1 and presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Ten relevant studies enrolled 1243 asthmatic children (631 children receiving vitamin D3 supplementation, 612 children receiving placebo) were included in this review. Our pooled analysis found that VD supplementation had a significant effect on lowering the total number of asthma exacerbations (RR 0.62; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.87; p = 0.01). Subgroup analysis revealed that a daily dose of VD given based on standard daily dose recommendation had a significant improvement on asthma exacerbations [(RR 0.41; 95% CI: 0,18, 0,92; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D supplementation can lower the occurrence of exacerbations in children with asthma, along with the improvement of FEV1."
    },
    {
      "pmid": "40409468",
      "title": "Vitamin D(3) and marine ω-3 fatty acids supplementation and leukocyte telomere length: 4-year findings from the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) randomized controlled trial.",
      "journal": "The American journal of clinical nutrition",
      "year": "2025",
      "firstAuthor": "Zhu H",
      "authorCount": 11,
      "publicationTypes": "Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.05.003",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40409468/",
      "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Limited studies suggest that vitamin D or omega 3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) supplementation may be beneficial for telomere maintenance, however, evidence from large randomized clinical trial is lacking. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether vitamin D or n-3 FAs supplementation reduce leukocyte telomere length (LTL) attrition over time by leveraging the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) trial. METHODS: VITAL is a large, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled tr ial with a 2 x 2 factorial design of vitamin D3 (2,000 IU/day) and marine n-3 FAs (1 g/day) supplements for 5 years among a representative sample of 25,871 US females >/=55 and males >/=50 years of age. The VITAL Telomere study (NCT04386577) included 1054 participants who were evaluated in person at the Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center. LTL was determined by the Absolute Human Telomere Length Quantification quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method at baseline, Year 2, and Year 4. The pre-specified primary outcome measures were changes in LTL between baseline, Year 2 and Year 4. Analyses of intervention effect used mixed-effects linear regression models. RESULTS: LTL was measured in a total of 2,571 samples from the 1031 participants at baseline, year 2, and year 4. Compared to placebo, vitamin D3 supplementation significantly decreased LTL attrition by 0.14 kilo base pairs (kb) (95%CI: 0.007, 0.27) over 4 years (p = 0.039). Overall trend analysis showed that the vitamin D3 supplementation group had LTLs that were about 0.035 kb higher per year of follow-up compared to placebo group (95%CI: 0.002, 0.07, p=0.037). Marine n-3 FAs supplementation had no significant effect on LTL at either year 2 or year 4. CONCLUSION: 4-years of supplementation with 2000 IU/day vitamin D("
    },
    {
      "pmid": "22552031",
      "title": "Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis.",
      "journal": "The American journal of clinical nutrition",
      "year": "2012",
      "firstAuthor": "Tripkovic L",
      "authorCount": 11,
      "publicationTypes": "Comparative Study, Journal Article, Meta-Analysis, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Systematic Review",
      "doi": "10.3945/ajcn.111.031070",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22552031/",
      "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Currently, there is a lack of clarity in the literature as to whether there is a definitive difference between the effects of vitamins D2 and D3 in the raising of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article was to report a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have directly compared the effects of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 on serum 25(OH)D concentrations in humans. DESIGN: The ISI Web of Knowledge (January 1966 to July 2011) database was searched electronically for all relevant studies in adults that directly compared vitamin D3 with vitamin D2. The Cochrane Clinical Trials Registry, International Standard Randomized Controlled Trials Number register, and clinicaltrials.gov were also searched for any unpublished trials. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of RCTs indicated that supplementation with vitamin D3 had a significant and positive effect in the raising of serum 25(OH)D concentrations compared with the effect of vitamin D2 (P = 0.001). When the frequency of dosage administration was compared, there was a significant response for vitamin D3 when given as a bolus dose (P = 0.0002) compared with administration of vitamin D2, but the effect was lost with daily supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis indicates that vitamin D3 is more efficacious at raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations than is vitamin D2, and thus vitamin D3) could potentially become the preferred choice for supplementation. However, additional research is required to examine the metabolic pathways involved in oral and intramuscular administration of vitamin D and the effects across age, sex, and ethnicity, which this review was unable to verify."
    },
    {
      "pmid": "35939577",
      "title": "Supplemental Vitamin D and Incident Fractures in Midlife and Older Adults.",
      "journal": "The New England journal of medicine",
      "year": "2022",
      "firstAuthor": "LeBoff MS",
      "authorCount": 13,
      "publicationTypes": "Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial",
      "doi": "10.1056/NEJMoa2202106",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35939577/",
      "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Vitamin D supplements are widely recommended for bone health in the general population, but data on whether they prevent fractures have been inconsistent. METHODS: In an ancillary study of the Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL), we tested whether supplemental vitamin D(3) would result in a lower risk of fractures than placebo. VITAL was a two-by-two factorial, randomized, controlled trial that investigated whether supplemental vitamin D(3) (2000 IU per day), n-3 fatty acids (1 g per day), or both would prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease in men 50 years of age or older and women 55 years of age or older in the United States. Participants were not recruited on the basis of vitamin D deficiency, low bone mass, or osteoporosis. Incident fractures were reported by participants on annual questionnaires and adjudicated by centralized medical-record review. The primary end points were incident total, nonvertebral, and hip fractures. Proportional-hazards models were used to estimate the treatment effect in intention-to-treat analyses. RESULTS: Among 25,871 participants (50.6% women [13,085 of 25,871] and 20.2% Black [5106 of 25,304]), we confirmed 1991 incident fractures in 1551 participants over a median follow-up of 5.3 years. Supplemental vitamin D(3), as compared with placebo, did not have a significant effect on total fractures (which occurred in 769 of 12,927 participants in the vitamin D group and in 782 of 12,944 participants in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89 to 1.08; P = 0.70), nonvertebral fractures (hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.07; P = 0.50), or hip fractures (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.47; P = 0.96). There was no modification of the treatment effect according to baseline characteristic"
    },
    {
      "pmid": "24119980",
      "title": "Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.",
      "journal": "Lancet (London, England)",
      "year": "2014",
      "firstAuthor": "Reid IR",
      "authorCount": 3,
      "publicationTypes": "Journal Article, Meta-Analysis, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Systematic Review",
      "doi": "10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61647-5",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24119980/",
      "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Findings from recent meta-analyses of vitamin D supplementation without co-administration of calcium have not shown fracture prevention, possibly because of insufficient power or inappropriate doses, or because the intervention was not targeted to deficient populations. Despite these data, almost half of older adults (older than 50 years) continue to use these supplements. Bone mineral density can be used to detect biologically significant effects in much smaller cohorts. We investigated whether vitamin D supplementation affects bone mineral density. METHODS: We searched Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Database, from inception to July 8, 2012, for trials assessing the effects of vitamin D (D3 or D2, but not vitamin D metabolites) on bone mineral density. We included all randomised trials comparing interventions that differed only in vitamin D content, and which included adults (average age >20 years) without other metabolic bone diseases. We pooled data with a random effects meta-analysis with weighted mean differences and 95% CIs reported. To assess heterogeneity in results of individual studies, we used Cochran's Q statistic and the I(2) statistic. The primary endpoint was the percentage change in bone mineral density from baseline. FINDINGS: Of 3930 citations identified by the search strategy, 23 studies (mean duration 23.5 months, comprising 4082 participants, 92% women, average age 59 years) met the inclusion criteria. 19 studies had mainly white populations. Mean baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was less than 50 nmol/L in eight studies (n=1791). In ten studies (n=2294), individuals were given vitamin D doses less than 800 IU per day. Bone mineral density was measured at one to five sites (lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip, "
    },
    {
      "pmid": "39552387",
      "title": "The effect of vitamin D supplementation on depression: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.",
      "journal": "Psychological medicine",
      "year": "2024",
      "firstAuthor": "Ghaemi S",
      "authorCount": 4,
      "publicationTypes": "Journal Article, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, Review",
      "doi": "10.1017/S0033291724001697",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39552387/",
      "abstract": "The impact of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of vitamin D supplementation on depressive and anxiety symptoms in adults. We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to December 2022 to identify randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of vitamin D(3) supplementation on depression and anxiety symptoms in adults. Using a random-effects model, we calculated the standardized mean difference (SMD) for each 1000 IU/day vitamin D(3) supplementation. The GRADE tool assessed the certainty of evidence. Our analysis included 31 trials with 24189 participants. Each 1000 IU/day vitamin D(3) supplementation slightly reduced depressive symptoms in individuals with and without depression (SMD: -0.32, 95% CI -0.43 to -0.22; GEADE = moderate). The effect was more pronounced in those with depressive symptoms (SMD: -0.57, 95% CI -0.69 to -0.44; n = 15). The greatest reduction occurred at 8000 IU/day (SMD: -2.04, 95% CI -3.77 to -0.31). Trials with follow-up ⩽8 weeks (SMD: -0.45, 95% CI -0.70 to -0.20; n = 8) and 8 to ⩽24 weeks (SMD: -0.47, 95% CI -0.70 to -0.24; n = 15) showed stronger effects compared to those lasting 24 to ⩽52 weeks (SMD: -0.13, 95% CI -0.28 to 0.02; n = 5) or longer than 52 weeks (SMD: 0.14, 95% CI -0.16 to 0.44; n = 3) (p group difference <0.001). Vitamin D(3) supplementation had no significant effects on anxiety symptoms. In summary, this study suggests that vitamin D(3) supplementation may effectively reduce depressive symptoms in short term. Further high-quality trials are warranted for a conclusive assessment of its impact on anxiety."
    },
    {
      "pmid": "35842938",
      "title": "What is the impact of daily oral supplementation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) plus calcium on the incidence of hip fracture in older people? A systematic review and meta-analysis.",
      "journal": "International journal of older people nursing",
      "year": "2023",
      "firstAuthor": "Manoj P",
      "authorCount": 3,
      "publicationTypes": "Meta-Analysis, Systematic Review, Journal Article",
      "doi": "10.1111/opn.12492",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35842938/",
      "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: Hip fractures have a huge impact in reducing the quality of life and increasing mortality. This review aims to assess the impact of daily oral supplementation of vitamin D3 plus calcium on the incidence of hip fracture in people over 65 years. METHODS: PRISMA guidelines were followed and RCTs that evaluated the effectiveness of daily oral supplementation of vitamin D3 plus calcium in preventing hip fracture in adults over 65 years were included in the study. The databases such as Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and Scopus were searched from October 2019- January 2020.The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to check the quality of the included studies. A meta-analysis with fixed effect model using Review Manager (Revman 5.3) was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: The meta-analysis of seven RCTs on vitamin D3 plus calcium supplementation and hip fracture (n = 12,620) identified odds ratio (OR) of 0.75; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.64, 0.87; p = .0003. Daily oral supplementation of 800 IU of Vitamin D3 plus 1200 mg of calcium was found more effective (n = 5676 participants; OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.82; p < .0001) than daily oral supplementation of 800 IU of Vitamin D3 plus 1000 mg of calcium (n = 6555,OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.56; p = .70) in reducing hip fracture. A meta-analysis of the seven RCTs to identify the incidence of non-vertebral fracture gave the OR of 0.80; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.89; p < .0001. A meta-analysis of three RCTs on femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) (n = 483) gave a mean difference of 1.21; 95% CI: -0.79, 3.20; p = .24. CONCLUSION: Daily oral supplementation 800 IU of vitamin D3 plus 1200 mg of calcium reduces hip fracture and non-vertebral fracture in older people. Administering vitamin D3 and ca"
    },
    {
      "pmid": "32749491",
      "title": "Effect of Long-term Vitamin D3 Supplementation vs Placebo on Risk of Depression or Clinically Relevant Depressive Symptoms and on Change in Mood Scores: A Randomized Clinical Trial.",
      "journal": "JAMA",
      "year": "2020",
      "firstAuthor": "Okereke OI",
      "authorCount": 13,
      "publicationTypes": "Comparative Study, Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural",
      "doi": "10.1001/jama.2020.10224",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32749491/",
      "abstract": "IMPORTANCE: Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D have been associated with higher risk for depression later in life, but there have been few long-term, high-dose large-scale trials. OBJECTIVE: To test the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on late-life depression risk and mood scores. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: There were 18 353 men and women aged 50 years or older in the VITAL-DEP (Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial-Depression Endpoint Prevention) ancillary study to VITAL, a randomized clinical trial of cardiovascular disease and cancer prevention among 25 871 adults in the US. There were 16 657 at risk for incident depression (ie, no depression history) and 1696 at risk for recurrent depression (ie, depression history but no treatment for depression within the past 2 years). Randomization occurred from November 2011 through March 2014; randomized treatment ended on December 31, 2017, and this was the final date of follow-up. INTERVENTION: Randomized assignment in a 2 x 2 factorial design to vitamin D3 (2000 IU/d of cholecalciferol) and fish oil or placebo; 9181 were randomized to vitamin D3 and 9172 were randomized to matching placebo. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcomes were the risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms (total of incident and recurrent cases) and the mean difference in mood scores (8-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale [PHQ-8]; score range, 0 points [least symptoms] to 24 points [most symptoms]; the minimal clinically important difference for change in scores was 0.5 points). RESULTS: Among the 18 353 randomized participants (mean age, 67.5 [SD, 7.1] years; 49.2% women), the median treatment duration was 5.3 years and 90.5% completed the trial (93.5% among those alive at the end of the trial). Risk of "
    }
  ]
}